Monday, July 19, 2010

Optimizing, Obfuscating, and Shrinking your Android Applications with ProGuard

Obfu-what? Right, there's a lot of technical terms there, and you may not know what they mean. I'm going to describe a way for you to shrink the size of your Android applications in half, optimize them to make them run faster, and obfuscate them to make it harder for others to reverse engineer your code.

What we'll do is use a Java program called ProGuard to apply its magic to your program's code, during the build process. To do this we'll use an Ant script to build the program, and add our extra steps into the regular build process.

Why do it?

The short answer is that your code will be smaller and faster. How much smaller and faster depends, but in general you'll find your code will be a lot smaller and a little faster. There are three key functions that ProGuard will do. Much of the text below is taken from the ProGuard website.

You may hear the term obfuscation to describe all three processes. Actually, obfuscation is just one form of the processes that a program such as ProGuard does. Instead of saying "shrink, obfuscate, and optimize", we'll just use the simple term of obfuscation to describe all three in this blog.

Shrinking

Java source code (.java files) is typically compiled to bytecode (.class files). Bytecode is more compact than Java source code, but it may still contain a lot of unused code, especially if it includes program libraries. Shrinking programs such as ProGuard can analyze bytecode and remove unused classes, fields, and methods. The program remains functionally equivalent, including the information given in exception stack traces.

For a realistic example, take the following code:
    if (Config.LOGGING)
    {
        TestClass test = new TestClass();
        Log.d(TAG"[onCreate] testClass=" + test);
    }
The above code is a typical scenario during development. You create code like this to help debug and test your code. Before releasing the final product, though, you set Config.LOGGING to false, so it doesn't execute. The problem is, this code is still in your application. It makes it bigger, and may cause potential security issues by including code which should never be seen by a snooping hacker.

Shrinking the code solves this problem beautifully. The code is completely removed from the final product, leaving the final package safer and smaller.

Obfuscation

By default, compiled bytecode still contains a lot of debugging information: source file names, line numbers, field names, method names, argument names, variable names, etc. This information makes it straightforward to decompile the bytecode and reverse-engineer entire programs. Sometimes, this is not desirable. Obfuscators such as ProGuard can remove the debugging information and replace all names by meaningless character sequences, making it much harder to reverse-engineer the code. It further compacts the code as a bonus. The program remains functionally equivalent, except for the class names, method names, and line numbers given in exception stack traces.

Optimizing

Apart from removing unused classes, fields, and methods in the shrinking step, ProGuard can also perform optimizations at the bytecode level, inside and across methods. Thanks to techniques like control flow analysis, data flow analysis, partial evaluation, static single assignment, global value numbering, and liveness analysis, ProGuard can do things such as perform over 200 peephole optimizations, like replacing x * 2 with x << 1. The positive effects of these optimizations will depend on your code and on the virtual machine on which the code is executed. Simple virtual machines may benefit more than advanced virtual machines with sophisticated JIT compilers. At the very least, your bytecode may become a bit smaller.

Using Ant to build your project

When you create your Android application, or build it, there are many steps involved. First, a Java compiler compiles the source files (i.e. the textual .java files) into Java bytecode (i.e. .class files). Then, a tool in the Android SDK turns the Java bytecode into Dalvik bytecode (i.e. .dex files). Finally, all of the resources and code are packaged into a single ZIP file, which is an .APK file. Since ProGuard works with Java bytecode, we want to run ProGuard on the class files that are created by the Java compiler, before the build process converts the Java bytecode into Dalvik bytecode. This isn't possible with the regular Eclipse method of creating Android packages (at least, not that I know of), but it's a cinch if you use Ant to build your application. It doesn't take long to create an Ant build script to build your existing Android application. See the instructions on my blog post here. Or, you can just download the sample at the end of this blog.

Adding ProGuard to the Ant build script

Download the latest ProGuard distribution. Inside, find the library, and put it in a convenient location in your project directory, such as proguard/. For example, in the latest version as of this writing (4.5.1 distribution), I copied lib/proguard.jar from the distribution ZIP file into my source tree as proguard/proguard.jar. Now, we add the script to the Ant build file, build.xml.

<!-- ================================================= -->
    <!-- Obfuscation with ProGuard -->
    <!-- ================================================= -->
 
    <property name="proguard-dir" value="proguard"/>
 <property name="unoptimized" value="${proguard-dir}/unoptimized.jar"/>
 <property name="optimized" value="${proguard-dir}/optimized.jar"/>
 
 <target name="optimize" unless="nooptimize">
  <jar basedir="${out.classes.dir}" destfile="${unoptimized}"/>
 
  <java jar="${proguard-dir}/proguard.jar" fork="true" failonerror="true">
   <jvmarg value="-Dmaximum.inlined.code.length=16"/>
   <arg value="@${proguard-dir}/config.txt"/>      
   <arg value="-injars ${unoptimized}"/>
   <arg value="-outjars ${optimized}"/>
   <arg value="-libraryjars ${android.jar}"/>
  </java>     
 
  <!-- Delete source pre-optimized jar -->     
  <!--delete file="${unoptimized}"/-->
 
  <!-- Unzip target optimization jar to original output, and delete optimized.jar -->
  <delete dir="${out.classes.dir}"/>
  <mkdir dir="${out.classes.dir}"/>
  <unzip src="${proguard-dir}/optimized.jar" dest="${out.classes.dir}"/>
 
  <!-- Delete optimized jar (now unzipped into bin directory) -->
  <delete file="optimized.jar"/>
 
   </target>
To have the build call the optimize Ant target between the Java compiler and dex compiler, we change the dex target as so:

Android 7 and below:
<!-- Converts this project's .class files into .dex files -->
<target name="-dex" depends="compile,optimize">
Android 8 and above: Uncomment the -post-compile target, and add this:
<target name="-post-compile">
  <antcall target="optimize"/>
</target>

Configuring ProGuard

Now we'll tell ProGuard how it can work with our Android application. Create a file called proguard/config.txt, which is referenced in the above Ant script. The following is taken from the ProGuard manual, although -libraryjars, -injars, and -outjars is passed in via the Ant build script instead of here.
-target 1.6 
-optimizationpasses 2 
-dontusemixedcaseclassnames 
-dontskipnonpubliclibraryclasses 
-dontpreverify 
-verbose 
-dump class_files.txt 
-printseeds seeds.txt 
-printusage unused.txt 
-printmapping mapping.txt 

# The -optimizations option disables some arithmetic simplifications that Dalvik 1.0 and 1.5 can't handle. 
-optimizations !code/simplification/arithmetic 

-keep public class * extends android.app.Activity 
-keep public class * extends android.app.Application 
-keep public class * extends android.app.Service 
-keep public class * extends android.content.BroadcastReceiver 
-keep public class * extends android.content.ContentProvider 

-keep public class * extends View { 
public <init>(android.content.Context); 
public <init>(android.content.Context, android.util.AttributeSet); 
public <init>(android.content.Context, android.util.AttributeSet, int); 
public void set*(...); 
}

# Also keep - Enumerations. Keep the special static 
# methods that are required in enumeration classes.
-keepclassmembers enum  * {
    public static **[] values();
    public static ** valueOf(java.lang.String);
} 
Note that we have added a few configurations which make extra output, such as -verbose and -printusage unused.txt. You may remove these if you don't like the extra output cluttering your build process.

Results

Now we're ready! When you run ant release from the command line, you will see the optimizer run. Here is the output from the test project, included below, when the build property config.logging is true:
>ant release
...
     [java] Shrinking...
     [java] Printing usage to [blog\obfuscation\proguard\unused.txt]...
     [java] Removing unused program classes and class elements...
     [java]   Original number of program classes: 8
     [java]   Final number of program classes:    2
Because we configured ProGuard with -printusage unused.txt, we can see what was removed from our code:
com.androidengineer.obfu.Obfuscation: 
    private static final java.lang.String TAG 
com.androidengineer.obfu.R 
com.androidengineer.obfu.R$attr 
com.androidengineer.obfu.R$drawable 
com.androidengineer.obfu.R$layout 
com.androidengineer.obfu.R$string 
com.androidengineer.obfu.TestClass: 
    private static final java.lang.String TAG 
That's pretty cool. You can also look at proguard/unoptimized.jar and proguard/optimized.jar. We can see that it removed many classes which were just placeholders for constants, and it removed the string TAG variables used by our logging code by replacing the references with the actual string constants.

In addition, if we build the application by changing the build property config.logging to false, we get an even further reduction in size. The best part about it is, it removes all of our debugging code.
>ant release
...
     [java]   Original number of program classes: 8
     [java]   Final number of program classes:    1
You can see that one more class was removed, TestClass. Because it is only used when Config.LOGGING is true, it is completely removed from the final build during the obfuscation process. So feel free to leave all of the debugging code you want in your source, because it can be removed during the build.

Of course, with our simple test project, our results are skewed, because it is not a typical Android application. proguard/unoptimized.jar is 4,959 bytes and proguard/optimized.jar is 646 bytes. But on an application I work with, which has over a thousand classes, I've seen a literal 50% reduction of code size. Well worth the trouble of setting this build up, in my opinion.

ClassNotFoundExceptions

There may be some cases where you get a ClassNotFoundException when running your application which has been obfuscated with ProGuard. In this case, you need to edit the config.txt file to tell ProGuard to keep the class in question. For example,

# Keep classes which are not directly referenced by code, but referenced by layout files. 
-keep,allowshrinking class com.androidengineer.MyClass 
{ 
*** (...); 
} 
This scenario is rare. I have seen it happen when I reference the child of an Android View class in an Android layout file, such as MyButton extends Button, but the class is not referenced in regular code. More information can be found in the ProGuard documentation.

Update for Android SDK versions 7 and above

Google updated the Ant scripts in the later SDK versions. They changed the name of a key variable, $[android-jar}, to ${android.jar}. This caused the builds to break. The solution is to define them both if they do not exist:
 <!-- In newer platforms, the build setup tasks were updated to begin using ${android.jar} instead of ${android-jar}.  This makes them both compatible. -->
<target name="target-new-vars" unless="android-jar">
<property name="android-jar" value="${android.jar}"/>
</target>

<!-- Be sure to call target-new-vars before anything else. -->   
<target name="config" depends="target-new-vars,clean">

The sample project file below has been updated.


Update for Android SDK versions 8

Well, it turns out Google changed the ant build files again. This time, though, they actually made it pretty darn easy. The build.xml file is much smaller this time. They've added a nifty new section:
<!-- extension targets. Uncomment the ones where you want to 
     do custom work in between standard targets -->
<!--
    <target name="-pre-build">
    </target>
    <target name="-pre-compile">
    </target>

    [This is typically used for code obfuscation.
     Compiled code location: ${out.classes.absolute.dir}
     If this is not done in place, override 
     ${out.dex.input.absolute.dir}]
    <target name="-post-compile">
    </target>
-->
All we have to do is uncomment the -post-compile Ant target, and add our obfuscation Ant target to it.
<target name="-post-compile">
    <antcall target="optimize"/>
</target>
The complete build file is here.

Using Google's License Verification Library (LVL)

For those of you using the Google licensing service, License Verification Library, you will want to keep an additional class from being obfuscated in the additional library. Be sure the following is in your proguard/config.txt file.
-keep class com.android.vending.licensing.ILicensingService

Sample Application

The sample application is a simple Hello World application, but it includes the custom build script and ProGuard library as described in this tutorial. First, you must run "android update project -p ." from the command line in the project's directory to let the tools set the SDK path in local.properties. Then you can turn on and off logging by changing the value of config.logging in build.properties. Finally, run ant release to build the application, which will create the obfuscated and signed .apk file. If you have any trouble, you may want to review the previous blog post about setting up Ant builds.

Project source code - obfuscation.zip (600 Kb)

Build file for Android API level 8 and above:build.xml (4.52 Kb)

202 comments:

1 – 200 of 202   Newer›   Newest»
Brad Hein said...

Sweet! I can't wait to try it out!

Anonymous said...

Thanks for it. It's really help me.

Brad Hein said...

Man I'm really stuck. I can't get the basic build.xml to work. After creating it with the tools/android create command, I get this:

-package-no-sign:
[apkbuilder] Creating Dash-unsigned.apk for release...

BUILD FAILED
/opt/android-sdk-2.1/android-sdk-linux_86/platforms/android-6/templates/android_rules.xml:320: The following error occurred while executing this line:
/opt/android-sdk-2.1/android-sdk-linux_86/platforms/android-6/templates/android_rules.xml:186: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: com.android.jarutils.SignedJarBuilder

Matt Quigley said...

@Brad Hein

Hard to say... what steps did you take when creating the basic build.xml? Did you follow the instructions in the previous post?

http://www.androidengineer.com/2010/06/using-ant-to-automate-building-android.html

dweebo said...

Awesome, worked perfect for me!
Thanks for the writeup, going to use this with androids new license library as suggested.

dweebo said...

I'm using Proguard with Androids new licensing library and had to add the following to my Proguard config.txt

-keep public interface com.android.vending.licensing.ILicenseResultListener
-keep public interface com.android.vending.licensing.ILicensingService
-keepclassmembers enum * {
public static **[] values();
public static ** valueOf(java.lang.String);
}

Arun Gopalan said...

Is there a way I can apply the obfuscation to only one class? I read through the proguard documentation but just couldn't find anything.

One option is to mention everything in keep except the class i want to obfuscate. But that seems unmaintainable.

Do you have any ideas?

Matt Quigley said...

@Arun Gopalan

In order to do that, you simply need to specify what the source is. In the sample program, there is the following line in the build.xml file:
<arg value="-injars ${unoptimized}"/>

That argument to ProGuard says that the input is ${optimized}, which points to an entire .jar (or ZIP) of all the class files. Instead of working on the entire ZIP, you would just change the -injars parameter to your class, such as:

-injars c:\your_directory\your_class.class

(you would also need to change -outjars as well, see http://proguard.sourceforge.net/manual/usage.html#iooptions )

However, I would question why you are doing this. There is no disadvantage to obfuscating the entire program, so why not go ahead and obfuscate the entire thing?

Anonymous said...

Specifying the android sdk manually in the build.xml fixed my problem. Thanks for the great article

Anonymous said...

Oops sorry I missed the line of code in my last post:

Anonymous said...

#property name="sdk.dir" value="/Platforms/android.platform" /-#
replace the fir # with < and the second with >

UChin Kim said...

Great job, Matt !

Both the ant build.xml setup and the proguard stuff worked like a charm..

Anonymous said...

Thanks!

Worked for a while but then trying a
# ant clean
# ant release
I get the following error:
/Users/android-sdk-mac_86/platforms/android-4/templates/android_rules.xml:286: The following error occurred while executing this line:
/Users/android-sdk-mac_86/platforms/android-4/templates/android_rules.xml:152: com.android.apkbuilder.ApkBuilder$ApkCreationException: /Volumes/NO NAME/bin/classes.dex does not exists!

Would appriciate some help!

Anonymous said...

Hi,

I want to thank you for some excellent articles!
It is seldom to find so good and accurate info
on the web. Keep up the great work!

Jonas from Switzerland

Matt Quigley said...

@Anonymous

> /Users/android-sdk-mac_86/platforms/android-4/templates/android_rules.xml:152: com.android.apkbuilder.ApkBuilder$ApkCreationException: /Volumes/NO NAME/bin/classes.dex does not exists!

If it worked for some time and now it doesn't, I think the good news is that you can get it to work again. I don't use macs, so there may be some setup configuration that I don't know about that is messed up. Also, maybe there is a compile error earlier that you're not seeing, so the code was never fully compiled properly?

andgps said...

Thanks a lot for this useful article. It is very helpful for android developers to protect their source code. Who knows whether google can reverse-engineering dalvik's byte code or not?

Anonymous said...

I had to add: -libraryjars ..\libs
to the config.txt file for my Admob and Flurry libs but otherwise excellent tutorial.

PS I also has problems with spaces in directory names (Program Files). But after moving the Android SDK to a root directory it worked.

David said...

Hi,

I've tried your DemoApp but it doesn't work (i have unzipped the file, done an "android update project -p." and when I type ant debug it does some things but he breaks while packaging the file(s):

-package-debug-sign:
[apkbuilder] WARNING: Using deprecated 'basename' attribute in ApkBuilderTask.Use 'apkfilepath' (path) instead.
[apkbuilder] WARNING: Using deprecated inner element in ApkBuilderTask.Use instead.

BUILD FAILED
C:\demoapp\build.xml:347: The following error occurred while executing this line:
C:\demoapp\build.xml:218: java.lang.NullPointerException

Anonymous said...

Works with SDK v6 but breaks with newest version 7. Thanks for the ideas though!

Claudio Veas said...

Any Ideas on how to solve it for sdk 7. Thanks

Anonymous said...

How about you can copy the android_install/tools/ant/ant_rules_r3.xml template and infuse the aforementioned 'optimize' target as a dependancy in the 'dex' target.

I haven't tried it yet but that is where I'd start.

Matt Quigley said...

To all that had problems with a newer Android SDK, I have fixed the problem, updated the sample project, and added a comment in the post. Basically, Google changed ${android-jar} to ${android.jar}. Subtly dangerous! The quick fix was to add:

<target name="target-new-vars" unless="android-jar">
<property name="android-jar" value="${android.jar}"/>
</target>

to the build file, so that both variables are defined.

Anonymous said...

Looks like with the new SDK [v7] you can just paste the modified '--dex' target






and the 'optimize' ProGuard target before the 'setup' target in the

android update project --path .

generated build.xml file and it will run just fine.

Unknown said...

I still can't get it to work with r7.
I downloaded your new example project
and I get the following when I try to do an "ant release"

-package-resources:
[echo] Packaging resources
[aaptexec] WARNNG: Using deprecated 'resources' attribute in AaptExecLoopTask.U
se nested element(s) instead.
[aaptexec] WARNNG: Using deprecated 'outfolder' attribute in AaptExecLoopTask.U
se 'apkfolder' (path) instead.
[aaptexec] WARNNG: Using deprecated 'basename' attribute in AaptExecLoopTask.Us
e 'resourcefilename' (string) instead.
[aaptexec] Creating full resource package...

-package-no-sign:
[apkbuilder] WARNING: Using deprecated 'basename' attribute in ApkBuilderTask.Us
e 'apkfilepath' (path) instead.
[apkbuilder] WARNING: Using deprecated inner element in ApkBuilderTask.Us
e instead.

BUILD FAILED
C:\Users\GodsMoon\workspace\obfuscation\build.xml:351: The following error occur
red while executing this line:
C:\Users\GodsMoon\workspace\obfuscation\build.xml:217: java.lang.NullPointerExce
ption

I saw this in the forums: http://groups.google.com/group/android-developers/browse_thread/thread/17968bd74bcc6560#

I'm still having trouble.

Anonymous said...

With v7 you should just append to the android created build.xml file. First create the build.xml file by navigating to your root directory and typing:

android update project --path .

Then in the build.xml file generated paste the following before the 'setup' target:

<!-- ================================================================ -->

<!-- Obfuscation with ProGuard -->

<!-- ================================================================ -->


<property name="proguard-dir" value="proguard"/>

<property name="unoptimized" value="${proguard-dir}/unoptimized.jar"/>
<property name="optimized" value="${proguard-dir}/optimized.jar"/>



<target name="optimize" unless="nooptimize">

<jar basedir="${out.classes.dir}" destfile="${unoptimized}"/>



<java jar="${proguard-dir}/proguard.jar" fork="true" failonerror="true">

<jvmarg value="-Dmaximum.inlined.code.length=16"/>

<arg value="@${proguard-dir}/config.txt"/>

<arg value="-injars ${unoptimized}"/>

<arg value="-outjars ${optimized}"/>

<arg value="-libraryjars ${android.jar}"/>

</java>


<!-- Delete source pre-optimized jar -->


<!--delete file="${unoptimized}"/-->



<!-- Unzip target optimization jar to original output, and delete optimized.jar -->

<delete dir="${out.classes.dir}"/>

<mkdir dir="${out.classes.dir}"/>

<unzip src="${proguard-dir}/optimized.jar" dest="${out.classes.dir}"/>



<!-- Delete optimized jar (now unzipped into bin directory) -->

<delete file="optimized.jar"/>



</target>



<target name="-dex" depends="clean, compile, optimize">

<dex-helper />

</target>

Dimi said...

Thanks for this tutorial. After searching and trying around for some time I could obufuscate my project within less than half a day.

I am using Java Script interfaces in my project and I had to add

-keep public class com.xyz.JavaScriptInterface {
public void getHTML_INTERNAL(...);
}

to my config.txt file but then it worked perfectly.

Text tool said...

I miss the -mergeallclasses parameter in ProGuard. It was included in the 3.6beta version, I think. But then they deprecated it because in some cases it produced some errors when running an application. But it was the best parameter to reduce the jar size a lot.

IMAPP said...

Thank you very much..!! This was very helpful !! Keep up the good work !

Unknown said...

Hi ,
it seems to work fine, but it crashing with the below error before creating an optimized apk
please let me know where it might be wrong.
BUILD FAILED
C:\LocalCVS\ANDROID\LOCALSVN\progaurdbuild\MyProject\build.xml:370: The following
error occurred while executing this line:
C:\LocalCVS\ANDROID\LOCALSVN\progaurdbuild\MyProject\build.xml:236: java.lang.Nul
lPointerException
at com.android.ant.ApkBuilderTask.execute(ApkBuilderTask.java:239)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.
java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAcces
sorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:585)
at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.jav
a:106)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:68)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.
java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAcces
sorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:585)
at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.jav
a:106)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348)
at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.MacroInstance.execute(MacroInstance.jav
a:398)
at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.
java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAcces
sorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:585)
at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.jav
a:106)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:390)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:411)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1397)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTarget(Project.java:1366)
at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.DefaultExecutor.executeTargets(DefaultExe
cutor.java:41)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1249)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.runBuild(Main.java:801)
at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.startAnt(Main.java:218)
at org.apache.tools.ant.launch.Launcher.run(Launcher.java:280)
at org.apache.tools.ant.launch.Launcher.main(Launcher.java:109)

Total time: 2 minutes 14 seconds

xdebugx said...

Thanks, been looking for how to do this for a while. This is the best article I've found yet!

Matt Quigley said...

Hi everyone. I finally got around to figuring out what these errors you may have been seeing recently. Google updated their Ant build files again in API level 8. I updated the post to mention how to fix it.

In a nutshell, you can download the new build.xml file I provided above, or follow the instructions on how to update your own project to be compatible with API level 8.

svebee said...

Alright, I downloaded Ant, ProGuard, build.xml and all that stuff and when I run "ant release" i got "Warning: there were 145 unresolved references to classses or interfaces. You may need to specify additional library jars . Warning: there were 44 unresolved references to program class members. Your input classes appear to be inconsistent. You may need to recompile them and try again. Alternatively, you may have to specify the option "-donskipnonpubliclibraryclassmembers".

Where to start? =/ Where to add those options?

Rezeli said...

Hey Svebee,
It can't find some of the additional jar files you are using. Let's say you have some jar file under lib folder. Then just add the following line
-libraryjars ..\libs
to Proguard's config file. That should fix it.

Owen said...

Hi All.

After trying many methods to use ProGuard and the Android LVL in Ant build, I found a now well tested method that works efficiently and should provide less headaches for newbees who are not familiar using command line methods to build their apps.

I separated the project from eclipse to avoid any possible corruption that may be caused by typos or incorrect path configuration.

1. Create a project library as follows.

Project Root Directory
copy Android Mainfest.xml, default.properties,Classpath.file and Project file that were created using Eclipse into the Project root directory. Add your keystore.file.

2. Add the following directories from Eclipse to your project root path as follows:
assets
bin
gen
libs
res
src
Create proguard directory
Create a proguard config.txt file, tailor it to your requirements and put this file in the proguard directory. Copy the proguard.jar file into the proguard directory.
If using other external library jar files such as Flurry put these in the libs directory

Locate the market_licensing directory and copy the library directory to the Project root directory.

Warning: if LVL was used in eclipse, then this library should be used and not the one that originally came with the Android SDK because you may have configured it to suit your environment requirements and any other additional changes.

Your Project environment should now be set-up ready for the ant build.

3. Ensure that you have the path to the android-sdk-windows\tools directory.
Run the update command in the command line, or create a batch script containing the following
android update project --path c:\YourProject
This will create a build.xml, and local.properties file.

4. Create a build.properties file and put in the following:

android.library.reference.1=library

key.store=your.keystore
key.alias=youralias
key.store.password=yourpassword
key.alias.password=aliaspassword


5. Edit and tailor your build.xml file that was created previously in update project.

I copied ant_rules_r3.xml file located in android-sdk-windows/tools/ant

6. Proguard
Edit your proguard config.txt to suite your program. It is advisable to read the proguard documentation or other sites that discuss proguard and obfuscating.
The following points are important.

The LVL licensing service must be kept as follows.
-keep class com.android.vending.licensing.ILicensingService

If you do not specify your library jars paths in the build.xml file, then you must ensure that they are included in the proguard config.txt.

-libraryjars C:/Projectpath/libs

7. If the above instructions have been followed or you have tailored your own configuration successfully, then the final step is:

ant release and hey presto! you should get a clean and successfull build.

Good luck.

Anonymous said...

Great tutorial, thanks.
Works fine, except ... :-0

with the Google api, for MapActivity, I get warnings can't find referenced class for all com.google.android.maps classes, and "Note: the configuration refers to the unknown class 'com.google.android.maps'"

How to specify this class, which is not in a jar file.
Tried to use -ignorewarnings , get a BUILD SUCCESSFUL, but the app would crash

Any idea ?

Matt Quigley said...

@Anonymous using Maps API

I did a quick test and found your problem. When you use Google APIs, there is an additional library used to build the program. Normally there is just android.jar located in your SDK. However, the Google API adds another library, maps.jar, hidden away at android-sdk-windows\add-ons\addon_google_apis_google_inc_8\libs\maps.jar (or something similar). You need to add this to the build.xml file. Find the optimize target in build.xml, and add the following text in bold to the proguard command (you may need to adjust the path):

<arg value="-libraryjars ${android.jar}"/>
<arg value="-libraryjars ${sdk.dir}/add-ons\addon_google_apis_google_inc_8\libs\maps.jar"/>

Anonymous said...

Thanks Matt, works great !

Sam said...

This is exactly what I needed and it works! I had some issue with jarsigner refusing to sign my APK. When I put my passwords in the build.properties file as suggested by Owen, then it works. I had been successfully signing from the commandline before I added the Proguard stuff. Odd.

Anonymous said...

Hi,
Thanks to this post, I was able to find a solution to bring obfuscation in my application. However, with latest Google release of dev tools (with proguard integration as they said .... but I didn't find out where it was :( ) .... I can't anymore obfuscate my app like before. I think that I must use their new tool but seriously ... where's the doc? lol

Anyway, in case of, here is my issue:
-package-resources:
[echo] Packaging resources
[aaptexec] WARNNG: Using deprecated 'resources' attribute in AaptExecLoopTask.U
se nested element(s) instead.
[aaptexec] WARNNG: Using deprecated 'outfolder' attribute in AaptExecLoopTask.U
se 'apkfolder' (path) instead.

BUILD FAILED
build.xml:372: aaptexec doesn't supp
ort the "basename" attribute

If anyone has any ideas?

Anonymous said...

Hi,

I think that I found the solution of my above issue here : http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/proguard.html

dario said...

"For a realistic example, take the following code:
if (Config.LOGGING)
{
TestClass test = new TestClass();
Log.d(TAG, "[onCreate] testClass=" + test);
}
The above code is a typical scenario during development. You create code like this to help debug and test your code. Before releasing the final product, though, you set Config.LOGGING to false, so it doesn't execute. The problem is, this code is still in your application."


REalistically, this code is not in your application as developers since Java 1.0 usually declare Config.Logging as a final static. A better example is in order (preferably illustrating optimizations).

Matt Quigley said...

@dario

Dario, I thought a simpler explanation would be better. You are right that most, including the Java compiler used when developing Android applications in Eclipse, will remove the code in the block where a final static boolean is false. That being said, the TestClass would not be removed from the final application without the obfuscation of ProGuard (or something similar), which detects that TestClass is never used in any reachable code.

Anonymous said...

-keepattributes SourceFile,LineNumberTable

Keeps file names and line numbers, so debugging is possible.
Couldn't get this working with Proguard on SDK but it worked fine with your guide.

Thanks.

Anonymous said...

Hello Matt, I have a big problem :S

BUILD FAILED
build.xml:372: aaptexec doesn't supp
ort the "basename" attribute

I can´t find solution for this in google´s documentation :(

Anonymous said...

Hey all,
I just got this working and thought I would share a couple things that tripped me up.

Make sure you have all your jars accounted for, I had several third party jars and arguments ended up looking like this:

















Even if proguard completed successfully, i was seeing errors in dex depending on how the config was set. I'm sure it varies depending on your project, but anything over 2 optimization passes would cause a failure in the next step of the ant build.

gl all

WrightRocket said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
WrightRocket said...

I was stuck on doing this for a while. Then, I noticed something wonderful in Eclipse.

If I ran "ant clean" the errors in the project went away and Eclipse could export the project. When I ran "ant release", the classes that I needed to declare in the proguard/config.txt file showed up as build errors in Eclipse.

For troubleshooting ant/proguard build problems by looking at Eclipse errors, do not declare out.dir or to use the following in the build.properties file:

out.dir=bin

Janne Oksanen said...

I would like to point out that ProGuard is now integrated in the SDK and that you can enable it just by adding a single line to your project's default.properties file.

http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/proguard.html

Android Dev Freak said...

i have an important question:
it seems that now, android sdk includes a very easy way to export an app while also using proguard for obfuscation.
however, when i do such a thing, and i try to de-compile (using dex2jar and java-decompiler) , i can see that all methods and classes ,including pure ones (that have nothing to do with android) didn't change their names.
also, a lot of variables didn't change their names.
the question is why, and how can i change this situation?
please , if anyone has a solution, check it out using tools for de-compiling .

p@mel@ said...

Hi! thank you for your tutorial! I tried your code, but after ant release, this is the error: -package-resources:
Packaging resources
[aaptexec] WARNNG: Using deprecated 'resources' attribute in AaptExecLoopTask.Use nested element(s) instead.
[aaptexec] WARNNG: Using deprecated 'outfolder' attribute in AaptExecLoopTask.Use 'apkfolder' (path) instead.

BUILD FAILED
/home////workspace/Obfuscation/build.xml:341: aaptexec doesn't support the "basename" attribute

Do you have any advice?
Bye

Anonymous said...

why java does not have release compilation mode :

http://www.goodreflex.com/does-java-have-release-compilation-mode-or-only-debug-mode/

Tuan do said...

Thanks for your post and explain
However.

with Tool: dex2jar

I can decompile the file apk to java file.

I would like to know the way to avoid decompiling the APK ?

Thanks in advance

Matt Quigley said...

@Tuan do

There is no way. Java is, by its nature, very easy to decompile.

Anonymous said...

how to generate singed apk file of the android project.
Project is already created and I want to generate signed apk file from the command prompt

VINOTH said...

My project is working fine on both device and emulator perfectly.

But, if I export and taken the .apk file after enabled the proguard my application getting struck. Service is not called properly and does't throw any error.

What property need to add on my proguard.cfg file.

Please kindly share your ideas.

Unknown said...

Nice Post!
But please update the post for configuring Proguard for latest ADT version. Thanks.

Anonymous said...

You can try 'Antil decomplier (android)' App .
'Antil decomplier (android)' App uses a new approach for protection, it protects your android app at source code level, it tries to make the decompiler tools get errors. Beside of obfuscation , 'Antil decomplier (android)' adds a lot of fake code to trick the decompiler tools. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tth.AntilDecompilerTrial

Robert said...

I am doing the same thing, I am trying to post a request to Rest service hosted on localhost, the call goes but the request object is null. Android development tutorials

Pradeep said...

How to remove unused code using progaurd ??

Roman lesnar said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Roman lesnar said...

The information you have posted is very useful. i recently used proguard you have to beleive my android device begin to run faster than before,i will wait for your new updates on this software, Thanks for sharing... blackmart alpha apk

Bhanu Sree said...

Very informative blog! Thanks for sharing.
Docker Online Training
Docker and Kubernetes Training

Surbhi Singh said...

I am happy after reading your post that you have posted in this blog. Thanks for this wonderful post and hoping to post more of this. I am looking for your next update.
Home Tutors in Delhi | Home Tuition Services

daxcooke said...

Dax Cooke

Tyler Worgan said...

I think this is one of the most significant information for me. And i’m glad reading your article. But should remark on some general things, The web site style is perfect, the articles is really great : D. Good job, cheers
tree service near me in riviera beach

Tyler Worgan said...

Great article and a nice way to promote online. I’m satisfied with the information that you provided
fence repair san jose

David Bryns said...

Thanks for our wonderful blog.
Click Here

Tyler Worgan said...

I have read your article, it is very informative and helpful for me.I admire the valuable information you offer in your articles. Thanks for posting it..
metallic epoxy floor port st lucie

Lee Davis said...

Very nice bro, thanks for sharing this with us. Keep up the good work and Thank you for sharing information vinyl fence reno

Hulda Kenney said...

You have a good point here!I totally agree with what you have said!!Thanks for sharing your views...hope more people will read this article!!!
tile resurfacing san diego

Tyler Worgan said...

I think this is one of the most significant information for me. And i’m glad reading your article. But should remark on some general things, The web site style is perfect, the articles is really great : D. Good job, cheers.
privacy fence durham nc

Anonymous said...

This post is good enough to make somebody understand this amazing thing, and I’m sure everyone will appreciate.fire demolition san diego

Tyler Worgan said...

Very nice bro, thanks for sharing this with us. Keep up the good work and Thank you for sharing information
gate installation raleigh nc

Dana Milton said...

I think this is one of the most significant information for me. And i’m glad reading your article. But should remark on some general things, The web site style is perfect, the articles is really great : D. Good job, cheers. drain cleaning service san diego

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

I am Here to Get Learn Good Stuff About Database Developer, Thanks For Sharing Database Developer Training.Best Database Developer Training Institute

Training for IT and Software Courses said...

Its help me to improve my knowledge and skills also.im really satisfied in this session.SAP HANA training in bangalore

Naveen said...

Here you can visit the best college to study bsc optometry in Bangalore. You can click the below link to know about bsc optometry colleges in Bangalore. Visit Below link
BSc Optometry colleges in Bangalore

Naveen said...

Here is the best colleges list to study in Bangalore. If you are looking to study in Bangalore, the below link will help you to find best colleges in Bangalore.
BBA Aviation colleges in Bangalore
BSc optometry colleges in Bangalore
Physiotherapy colleges in Bangalore
BSc Cardiac care technology colleges in Bangalore
BSc Perfusion technology colleges in Bangalore
BSc medical Imaging Technology colleges In Bangalore
BSc Renal Dialysis Technology colleges in Bangalore

iuwekjhbr said...

Please refer below if you are looking for Online Job Support and Proxy support from India


Java Online Job Support and Proxy support from India | AWS Online Job Support and Proxy Support From India | Python Online Job Support and Proxy Support From India | Angular Online Job Support from India | Android Online Job Support and Proxy Support from India


Thank you for excellent article.

mahi said...

Please refer below if you are looking for best project center in coimbatore

Java Training in Coimbatore | Digital Marketing Training in Coimbatore | SEO Training in Coimbatore | Tally Training in Coimbatore | Python Training In Coimbatore | Final Year Java Projects In Coimbatore | FINAL YEAR DOT NET PROJECTS IN COIMBATORE | Final Year Big Data Projects In Coimbatore | Final Year Python Projects In Coimbatore

Thank you for excellent article

Naveen said...

Branding and Marketing is the essential part of a business. So, all business need Branding and Marketing for their improvement. Here is the details of best branding agency and marketing agency in riyadh.
Branding Agency in Riyadh
Marketing Agency in Riyadh

Tezzas Tutorial said...

https://tezzastutorial.com

Tezzas Tutorial said...

https://tezzastutorial.com

GlobalEmployees said...

Find my blog post here
http://ttlink.com/bookmark/d3913482-056d-4e38-82e1-baa1036528ba
http://ttlink.com/bookmark/5931d44a-7910-41ec-9bab-f2b3082de030
http://ttlink.com/bookmark/3f596fd1-f173-4b25-ba95-0730a97ab3a8
Best Web Development Tools for Web Developers.

Unknown said...

Now stop searching for Science tuition classes in Rohini more and reach us today. We will assist you with everything. We here at Amit Ajmani’s Academy we believing in providing that education will lasts forever. So if you are still thinking that is tuition for English really required? Then we will tell you why it is required if you are weak in English.
Maths tuition classes in Rohini

Tecmax said...

Thanks for the information...
Best SAP HANA Training in Bangalore - BTM Layout | SAP HANA Training Institutes | SAP HANA Course Content - Tecmax
- Tecmax offers the Best SAP HANA Training in Bangalore - BTM Layout, We offer Real-Time Training with Live Projects, Our SAP HANA Trainers are Working Professionals with 8+ years of Expertise in SAP HANA, we also provide placement assistance.

devops training said...

This post is really nice and informative. The explanation given is really comprehensive and informative. kubernetes training and devops course by 15+ years experienced faculty.

Celine.V said...

Poker online situs terbaik yang kini dapat dimainkan seperti Bandar Poker yang menyediakan beberapa situs lainnya seperti http://62.171.128.49/hondaqq/ , kemudian http://62.171.128.49/gesitqq/, http://62.171.128.49/gelangqq/, dan http://62.171.128.49/seniqq. yang paling akhir yaitu http://62.171.128.49/pokerwalet/. Jangan lupa mendaftar di panenqq silakan dicoba bosku serta salam hoki

sindhuja cynixit said...


It's good and Informative. Thank you for posting this article.
kubernetes online training

Sudharshan said...

Great blog !It is best institute.Top Training institute In chennai
http://chennaitraining.in/openspan-training-in-chennai/
http://chennaitraining.in/uipath-training-in-chennai/
http://chennaitraining.in/automation-anywhere-training-in-chennai/
http://chennaitraining.in/microsoft-azure-training-in-chennai/
http://chennaitraining.in/workday-training-in-chennai/
http://chennaitraining.in/vmware-training-in-chennai/

free email domain hosting said...

https://bodenr.blogspot.com/2014/05/kvm-and-docker-lxc-benchmarking-with.html?showComment=1593689403652#c6060086966256729916

nisharoshan said...

Thanks for your efforts in sharing this information in detail. This was very helpful to me. kindly keep continuing the great work.

Web Designing Course Training in Chennai | Web Designing Course Training in Annanagar | Web Designing Course Training in omr | Web Designing Course Training in porur | Web Designing Course Training in tambaram | Web Designing Course Training in velachery

Rajan Mhatre said...

I read this article. I think You have put a lot of effort to create this article. I appreciate your work.
Visit us for A95 reusable mask.

IT Technology Updates said...

Nice Blog..thanks for sharing..

Azure Training in chennai | Azure Course in chennai | Azure Training in anna nagar | Azure Training in vadapalani | Azure Training in porur | Azure Training in velachery | Azure Training in omr | Azure Training in madipakkam

Mohit said...

cool astro

best meat grinders said...

"Thank you so much for this excellent blog article. Your writing style and the way you have
presented your content is awesome. Now I am pretty clear on this topic. SENSO ActivBuds S-250"

raji said...

Excellent article. Very interesting to read. I really love to read such a nice article. Thanks! keep rocking

Online AWS Training Courses in Coimbatore| AWS Training institute Coimbatore| AWS Training and certification in Coimbatore| AWS Training in Saravanampatti | Best AWS Training Courses in Coimbatore| Online Devops Training Center in Coimbatore| Devops Training Institute in Coimbatore| Best Devops Training Center in Coimbatore| Best Institutes for Devops Training in Coimbatore | Online Devops Training and certification in Coimbatore| Devops Training and certification in saravanampatti

Yours Home Tutor said...

this Article is very helpful.keep it up. I really love to read such a nice article.
Home tutor in Delhi

Jimmy Walter said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
arshiya said...

Really good information, well written article. Thanks for sharing an article.
common seo mistakes
scope of ai
advantages of rpa
angularjs interview questions

Quirinus Solution Ltd said...

Ecommerce Application Development
Ecommerce Website Development
eCommerce Website Development Company
eCommerce Website Development Company
eCommerce Website Development Company in UK
eCommerce Website Development Company
Ecommerce Website Development Company
Android App Development Company
Ecommerce Website Development Company
Ecommerce Website Development Company

Anita Maritel said...

Try to make video instead of article. Video now is more popular and you can post it on tiktok, even with IT topic. You will get your followers with such topic and you can get tiktok likes on this site https://soclikes.com/buy-tiktok-likes

Yours Home Tutor said...

Very good blog keep writing thanks for writing such intresting blog
Home tutor in Delhi

msalawebs said...

This is one of the best things we can have right now Damon PS2 unique items

OGEN Infosystem (P) Limited said...

Superb, thank you so much for sharing such amazing information. Visit Ogen Infosystem for creative Web Designing and PPC Services by professional experts.
SEO Service in Delhi

Webocity Technologies said...

Superb Blog, No words to praise for this blog
Hailing from the prestigious PGIMER, Chandigarh, Dr. Manish Budhiraja, is a dynamic & experienced Neurosurgeon whose expertise is in complex Brain & Minimally Invasive Spine Surgeries. He has specialization in Brain and Spinal Tumor surgeries, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgeries, Spinal trauma and Fixation, Pituitary Tumors and Functional Neurosurgery including Deep Brain Stimulation
Doctor Name- Dr. Manish Budhiraja {MBBS, MS (Surgery), M.Ch (Neurosurgery)}
Address- Alchemist Hospital Rd, Sector 21, Budanpur, Panchkula, Punjab 134112
Phone- 7888900544

Golden Triangle Tour Package said...

Great Post Awesome Writing Skills Thanks for sharing such a great Article With us . Thanks Once again. Golden Triangle Tour Package

Maze Tech said...

SEO for Dental
SEO for Pharma
SEO for Healthcare
SEO Company in Chennai
Digital Marketing Training in Chennai
SEO Consultant Chennai
Web Designing in Chennai

Eva Wilson said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Eva Wilson said...

you are really a good webmaster. The site loading speed is amazing. It seems that you are doing any unique trick. Moreover, The contents are masterpiece. you have done a great job on this topic!

Regards,
Online Essay Help

ve may bay tet said...

Mua vé máy bay tại Aivivu, tham khảo

vé máy bay đi Mỹ hạng thương gia

vé máy bay từ mỹ về việt nam bao nhiêu tiền

thời gian bay từ Việt nam sang Los Angeles

giá vé máy bay từ Vancouver về việt nam

Eva Wilson said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Monika Skekhawat said...

This Blog Contain Good information about that. bsc 3rd year time table Thanks for sharing this blog.

Anonymous said...

nice bloggggggg
Deep learning Training in coimbatore
Google cloud training in coimbatore
Mern Stack training in coimbatore
flutter Training in coimbatore
kotlin training in coimbatore
python fullstack training in coimbatore
Az-104 Training in coimbatore
Aws Certification Center in coimbatore
Azure Certification Center in coimbatore

Eva Wilson said...

6)We are a well the renowned UK-based organisation aimed to help the students in editing, improving, proofreading, and providing tutorial services.

Regards,
Online Thesis Help

Rahul Sharma said...

Nice Post. You are Share great post and keep posting.
Weight Loss Doctor in Meerut
Diabetes Management in Meerut
Software Development Company in Noida
SEO Services Hapur
Top 10 CBSC Schools in Meerut
Website Designing Services in Noida
SEO Company in Meerut
Best Electric Scooty in Meerut

PSC TRICKS AND TIPS said...

It is good to read. Thanks to share the information. Also look at our website with below link.
Italian Restaurants in Kuwait

Mohd Islam Seo said...

Build your brand name: From here you can obtain targeted traffic to your blog site. By getting targeted users with Video Sharing List, then instantly your brand name will quickly develop if the individual likes your blog site and also subscribes it, and once the consumer is subscribed. Once Depend on is built on your Helpforallseo Ping Submission site or business, after that it becomes your Irreversible consumer.

Marty Sockolov said...

With special privileges and services, UEFA BET offers opportunities for small capitalists. Together ufa with the best websites that collect the most games With a minimum deposit starting from just 100 baht, you are ready to enjoy the fun with a complete range of betting that is available within the website

ufabet , our one another option We are a direct website, not through an agent, where customers can have great confidence without deception The best of online betting sites is that our Ufa will give you the best price

หาคุณกำลังหาเกมส์ออนไลน์ที่สามารถสร้างรายได้ให้กับคุณ เรามีเกมส์แนะนำ เกมยิงปลา รูปแบบใหม่เล่นง่ายบนมือถือ คาสิโนออนไลน์ บนคอม เล่นได้ทุกอุปกรณ์รองรับทุกเครื่องมือ มีให้เลือกเล่นหลายเกมส์ เล่นได้ทั่วโลกเพราะนี้คือเกมส์ออนไลน์แบบใหม่ เกมยิงปลา

อีกทั้งเรายังให้บริการ เกมสล็อต ยิงปลา แทงบอลออนไลน์ รองรับทุกการใช้งานในอุปกรณ์ต่าง ๆ HTML5 คอมพิวเตอร์ แท็บเล็ต สมาทโฟน คาสิโนออนไลน์ และมือถือทุกรุ่น เล่นได้ตลอด 24ชม. ไม่ต้อง Downloads เกมส์ให้ยุ่งยาก ด้วยระบบที่เสถียรที่สุดในประเทศไทย

Marty Sockolov said...

Probably the most genuine football betting UFABET that's beyond description Find fun, excitement and excitement with slot video games, hundred totally free recognition, quick withdrawal. If you desire to have fun slots for money No need to deposit a great deal, no minimum, no need to share, squander moment for the reason that UFABET is in fact reduced, given seriously, many great offers are waiting for you. Prepared to ensure pleasurable, regardless of whether it's Joker SlotXo fruit slot, we are able to phone it an internet slot website for you personally especially. Ready to have fun Like the support staff which is going to facilitate slot formulas as well as techniques of actively playing So you will be certain that each minute of fun and pleasure We will be there for one to give your customers the best appearance as well as fulfillment.
บาคาร่า
สล็อต
ufa
แทงบอล

UFABET1688 said...

Its great as your other articles : D, regards for posting. “Before borrowing money from a friend it’s best to decide which you need most.” ยูฟ่าสล็อต

Harsh Lahre said...

Youtube Thumbnail Download
all in hindi

Kliff Technologies India said...

Excellent Blog! I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this post.

plz do visit our websites

Software Development Services in Delhi

Software Development Company in Delhi NCR

Website Designing Company in Delhi

Digital Marketing Company in Delhi

SEO Company in Delhi

anjuna sharma said...

Your article is very informative, thanks for this amazing post. I have also written some:
read more by shayariholic
read more by shayariholic
Hindi Shayari Collection
read more by shayari99
read more by shayari99
हिंदी शायरी

Rahul Sharma said...

This is Great Article. You are post informatics blog so keep posting.
Get free home services App
SEO Service App
School Management Software in Meerut
Top 10 CSBE School in Meerut
Desawer King Result
Digital Marketing Company India
Matka King Result Chart
Install local service providers’ app
Home Service provider app in India
Convert Text To Voice
DialKaro App

Intouchgroup said...

Thank you for the useful information which you shared throughout your blog. I appreciate the way you shared the relevant, precious, and perfect information. Furthermore, I would like to share some information about Intouchgroup. Intouchgroup is the Software Development Company in Delhi. to know more about the services, just visit the website and take complete information about Intouchgroup. I hope, you will get immediate assistance and the right information through the website.

Kliff Technologies said...

Thank you so much for sharing such amazing information sharing with us.

plz do visit our websites

Software Development Company in USA

Digital Marketing Services in USA

SEO Company in USA

Website Development Company in USA

Graphics Design Services in USA

Digital Marketing Company in USA

Anonymous said...

Every weekend i used to pay a quick visit this web site, because i want enjoyment, for the reason that this this
web page conations really nice funny data too.

Feel free to visit my blog - 부산오피

Unknown said...

nice
Printer
Bitcoin
Android
Pertanian
Robotics

Unknown said...

Android make the device more friendly OTT app development

Jason said...

A secure video hosting platform that allows you to retain ownership of your content and that also gives you more control over how that content is distributed.

Anonymous said...

Your list of commenting site will be helpful for me.
click this

Tamil novels said...

One of the most valuable information for us. Thank you for sharing.
Tamil romantic novels
Ramanichandran novels PDF
srikala novels PDF
Mallika manivannan novels PDF
muthulakshmi raghavan novels PDF
Infaa Alocious Novels PDF
N Seethalakshmi Novels PDF
Sashi Murali Tamil Novels

GetAjord said...

Get Ajord is an online exclusive store selling high quality traditional wet shaving products and Shaving Gifts. We are proud to offer a wide selection of the most beautiful, handcrafted Shaving razors, Best shaving brush, shaving sets, Shaving Kits for men and other grooming accessories.

rfxleather said...

Thanks for sharing your thoughts. I truly appreciate your efforts and I will be waiting for your further write ups thank you once again.
Genuine High Quality Leather Jackets.
V Bomber Leather Jackets Men Available to be purchased
Harley Davidson Leather Jacket Men Clothing Available to be purchased
Mens B3 Bomber Leather Jacket Available to be purchased
Harley Davidson Leather Jacket Men Clothing Available to be purchased

hdsingh said...

This content is simply exciting and creative. I have been deciding on an institutional move and this has helped me with one aspect.


Diwali Wishes in hindi font

हैप्पी दिवाली

singh said...

Amazing content. I Will also share with my friends. Great Content thanks a lot.

Best study visa consultants in ambala,
Best IELTS Institute in Ambala

maryamawan said...


Thanks for share this informative post. Buy Leather Jackets with genuine quality and worldwide free shipping.
Genuine High Quality Leather Jackets.
Mens B3 Bomber Leather Jacket Available to be purchased
V Bomber Leather Jackets Men Available to be purchased
Fashion Leather Jacket Men Clothing Available to be purchased
Harley Davidson Leather Jacket Men Clothing Available to be purchased

praise said...

Download Xtreme Motorbikes Mod Apk
Clash Mini Apk
Venmo Purchase Protection
Facebook Lite App Free Download

Truck and Trailer said...

Really good information, well written article. Thanks for sharing an article.
Alignment near me
roadside assistance services
Trailer repair
Trailer repair shop

Self Storage said...

Very informative blog! I liked it and was very helpful for me. Thanks for sharing. Do share more ideas regularly.
moving services near me
commercial movers near me
house movers ontario
self storage company

Health and Beauty said...

I want to thank you for some excellent articles!
It is seldom to find so good and accurate info
on the web. Keep up the great work!
Beauty Salon Near Me
Piercing Near Me
Laser Hair Removal Near Me
Waxing Near Me
Eyelash Lift and Tint Near Me
Microblading Near Me
Permanent Makeup Near Me
Microneedling Near Me
Cryotherapy Near Me
Microdermabrasion Near Me
Waxing Near Me

Tech Jankari said...

What is progurd on Android Engineer

파워볼사이트 said...

I was impressed by your writing. Your writing is impressive. I want to write like you.파워볼사이트 I hope you can read my post and let me know what to modify. My writing is in I would like you to visit my blog.


우리카지노 said...

I've been looking for photos and articles on this topic over the past few days due to a school assignment, 우리카지노 and I'm really happy to find a post with the material I was looking for! I bookmark and will come often! Thanks :D


Jobi Johnson said...

This is a great inspiring article.I am pretty much pleased with your good work.You put really very helpful information. Keep it up. Keep blogging. Looking to reading your next post. John Dutton Jacket

mrbobystone said...

I love to recommend you Where can crawl Exciting Products latest Jackets, Coats and Vests Click Here Jimmy Hurdstorm Hoodie

eddielydon said...

I like your blog very much. Thanks for sharing such amazing blogs always. hudson bay coat

werwer said...

Microsoft Office 365 Product Key with crack are often liberated to prompt all designs of Microsoft Office 365 specifically. Following activation of Microsoft Office 365 applying people discussing keys, you’ve have been supplied no demand any crack or serial key for once again activation. You're also involved https://freeprosoftz.com/microsoft-office-365-product-key/

Infotonics Media said...

Best Software development Company in Delhi.
InfotonicsMedia: The Leading https://www.infotonicsmedia.com/software-development-company-in-delhi/ in Delhi.

Software development Company in Faridabad.
Software development Company in Gurgaon.

Masnet said...

Contents on this blog is always amazing and informative! Jamb candidates have to use jamb portal to login.

George Mark said...

Our the purpose is to share the reviews about the latest Jackets,Coats and Vests also share the related Movies,Gaming, Casual,Faux Leather and Leather materials available. Jennifer Lopez Parka

Cyberz Pc said...

Any creature can look at the WiFi Password Hacker Online section in the diagram and would like to use it for free. Online Wifi Hacker

Cyberz Pc said...

Get intelligent suggestions in the Editor Overview pane in Word and let Editor assist you across documents, email, and on the web MS Office 2016 With Crack

Cyberz Pc said...

Deep Dark Love Quotes quotations area unit simply phrases or quotes concerning deep love with such a splash of romance, tranquilly, and joy thrown certain smart live. True Love Dark Love Quotes

University of Kota BA 3rd Year Result said...

I feel very grateful that I read this. It is very helpful and very informative and I really learned a lot from it.

Motorbike Leather Garments said...

Amazing content
Manufacturer of Motorcycle clothing
https://rucatisports.com/

Motorbike Leather Garments said...

https://webjunoon.com/

Radneat said...

Nice content, please checkout my website iPourit.in
Or
Visit www.Pourit.in

Unogeeks said...

UnoGeeks Offers the best Oracle Fusion Financials Training in the market today. If you want to become Expert Fusion Financials Consultant, Enrol in the
Oracle Fusion Financials Online Training offered by UnoGeeks.

Facts Ride LLC said...

THanks for sharing !
Please do CHeck ma website Factsride.com

Sruthi Karan said...

Very interesting post and I want more updates from your blog. Thanks for your great efforts...
Separation Before Divorce
Cost of Legal Separation VS Divorce

Anonymous said...

Nice information thanks a lot.
vegetable name
Birds name

Jacket Hunt said...


Thanks for sharing this amazing and informative post. keep sharing with us.
B3 Men Shearling Aviator Bomber Leather Jackets

Un Healthy lifestyle said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Un Healthy lifestyle said...

i was looking for this content..

Bilastine Tablet 20 mg

Obeticholic Acid Tablets 10 mg

Progesterone Soft Gelatin Capsule

Anonymous said...

GambleAware provide gamers and their families advice and steerage on gambling. They 점보카지노 provide information and advice to encourage accountable gambling, each to gamers and casino operators, and give assist to those that might have a gambling drawback. If the participant stands, then the banker hits on a complete of 5 or much less. Should the stakes of the punters exceed the quantity for the time being within the financial institution, the banker just isn't liable for the quantity of such excess. In the event of their shedding, the croupier pays the punters in order of rotation, so far as the funds within the financial institution will prolong; beyond this, they haven't any declare.

DP Boss said...

I have not any word to appreciate this post…..Really i am impressed from this post….

Golden Satta Matka
Milan Matka
Satta Matka Kalyan Chart

Anonymous said...

Further, outstanding gambling corporations are also investing in offering new platforms and content to enhance the customer expertise out there market}. They make friends with people and claim that they've won cash gambling, and encourage other users to go to mirror sites. David Lee says this advertising is "necessary thing} to success" for on-line gambling operators. We present a number of on-line casino-style games based mostly on Roulette, Blackjack, Video Poker, Table Games and Big Jackpot slots. The thecasinosource.com reasons people offered for the reduction included lack of accessibility (e.g., no reside sports, closed casinos), financial pressures and lack of curiosity. Post-pandemic follow-ups will reveal who returns and doesn't return to previous ranges of gambling involvement.

Jacket Hunt said...

Thanks for sharing this amazing and informative post. keep sharing with us.
American leather jackets for men

Gurjeet Singh said...

Are you struggling to find a reliable Website Designing Company In Delhi, India? Don't worry, Web Solution Centre will surely help you to design your business website keeping in view your requirement with committed time and budget. Our Dedicated team of designers creates the best Static website designing services in Delhi @ Best Price.

The Dark Attitude said...

Thanks for sharing such a valuable post. Please keep us updated for future posts.
Gothic Clothing Men

Bp Auto Spare Parts said...

Find all the essential Spare Parts for Suzuki Swift and ensure smooth performance for years to come. Browse our inventory of high-quality Spare Parts for Suzuki Swift and get it delivered to your doorstep hassle-free. Trust our genuine parts for excellent compatibility and durability. Shop now!

Pradip verma said...

Thanks for Sharing this information

tata spare parts said...

I had been searching for genuine Tata Xenon Spare Parts for a while, and I'm glad I found your blog. It's informative and helped me find the right parts I needed.

Tata Parts India said...

I recently purchased a tata spare parts dealers based on the recommendation in your blog, and I'm extremely satisfied with the quality and performance. Thank you for your reliable suggestions.

Bus Rental Abu dhabi said...

I really liked your point about, I've been struggling with this myself, so I'll definitely be trying out your tips."
bus rental Dubai

Best Website Designing Company In Delhi said...

Looking for a top-notch Website Designing Company Delhi? Look no further! Our professional team at our Web Designing Company in Delhi can create stunning websites tailored to your needs. Contact us today and let's make your online presence unforgettable!

top ai toolss said...

The best platform where intelligent and hardworking minds come together and there is an exchange of knowledge and learning.

top 10 business ideas
scalenut ai

Delhi Web Design Company said...

I'm considering a Delhi Web Design for my Delhi-based business, and your blog has given me plenty of ideas and inspiration. I'll be reaching out to discuss my project soon.

Suzuki Ciaz Spare Parts said...

Suzuki Gypsy Spare Parts: Authentic and durable replacement components crafted to uphold the rugged performance and longevity of your Suzuki Gypsy, the versatile off-road vehicle. From essential engine parts to robust exterior accessories, these genuine spare parts guarantee a precise fit and sustained reliability, ensuring your Gypsy is always ready for your off-road adventures. Trust Suzuki Gypsy Spare Parts for dependability in challenging terrains.

Darsh said...

Impressive offer! In the competitive world of web design, Web Solution Centre stands out. A dedicated team ensuring bespoke static website designs in Delhi with a commitment to time and budget is a winning combination!

Darsh said...

Thank you so much.

Darsh said...

Amazing article

Buy Healing Crystals said...

Shop the stunning collection of Crystal Pendants from Karma Gems LLC. Discover the perfect piece for any occasion and enhance your style with the powerful energy of these mesmerizing gems. Invest in the beauty and positive vibes of Crystal Pendants from Karma Gems LLC today.

samson said...

This is Valuable information for us. Digital Marketing Agency for Tourism

sanju said...

This the very Good Informative article Digital Marketing Agency for Retail store

Winter Sale Jacket said...

I love to recreate your fashion ideas and want to learn more from you. Winter Sale Jacket

tech2 said...

Happy Tuesday Wishes, Messages, Images & Quotes
Tuesday Wishes · Good Morning to All My Pinterest Friends · Happy & Blessed · Happy Tuesday · good morning tuesday images - Bing images · A Fresh New Happy Tuesday.

Anonymous said...

This blog offers thoughts that are thought-provoking and fascinating.prince william county criminal attorney

mounikavcube said...

Hii you shared a nice informartion thanks for this keep posting.

Wallet Wise Tips said...

Thank you for sharing such an insightful and well-researched article. Your expertise on the subject is evident, and I found the content both informative and engaging. I look forward to reading more of your blog.

Also Read:
Unlock and Withdraw from a Watch-Only Trust Wallet Account

Wallet Wise Tips said...

Thank you for sharing such an insightful and well-researched article. Your expertise on the subject is evident, and I found the content both informative and engaging. I look forward to reading more of your blog.

Also Read:
How do I Transfer My USDC From Crypto.Com to Coinbase

How to Buy Crypto Without Going Through KYC Verification said...

Great blog post! Your insights are both informative and engaging. Looking forward to reading more from you.

Defi Crypto Wallets said...

To resolve the "Swap Service is Currently Unavailable" issue in Atomic Wallet, ensure your app is updated to the latest version, as updates often fix bugs and improve functionality. Check your internet connection to ensure it's stable, as network issues can affect the swap service. If the problem persists, try clearing the cache and restarting the app. Additionally, visiting Atomic Wallet’s official support page or contacting their

Anila Watson said...

Great Information! Checked it out and left my thoughts. If you're interested in Professional Crypto Customer Care Advisor feel free to explore How Can I Put PayPal money into my Apple Pay account? insights.

Defi Crypto Wallets said...

To Transfer Money From Crypto.com To Bank Account, first ensure that you have completed the necessary KYC (Know Your Customer) verification on the Crypto.com platform. Next, link your bank account to your Crypto.com account by navigating to the "Accounts" section, selecting "Fiat Wallet," and then choosing "Withdraw." Enter the amount you wish to transfer and select your linked bank account. Confirm the transaction details and initiate the transfer. The funds should be deposited into your bank account within a few business days, depending on your bank's processing times.

Defi Crypto Wallets said...

If your coinbase account restricted, it could be due to various reasons, such as unusual account activity, failure to complete verification, or violating Coinbase's terms of service. To resolve this issue, log into your account and check for any notifications or requests for additional information. Completing any pending verifications or updating your information might help restore access. If the issue persists, contact Coinbase support for assistance. They can guide you through the necessary steps to lift the restriction and regain full access to your account.

Defi Crypto Wallets said...

A Transaction in Coinbase Wallet involves sending or receiving cryptocurrency directly through the wallet interface. Users can seamlessly manage their assets, execute trades, or interact with decentralized applications (dApps). The wallet provides a secure and private environment for transactions, ensuring that users maintain control over their private keys and funds. With Coinbase Wallet, users can easily access their digital assets and perform transactions without needing to rely on third-party services, making it a versatile tool for managing and using cryptocurrencies.

Defi Crypto Wallets said...

You'll first need to link a common bank account to both apps to transfer money from Venmo to Cash App. Transfer the desired amount from your Venmo balance to your linked bank account. Once the funds appear in your bank account, you can then transfer them from the bank to your Cash App balance. This process typically takes one to three business days for each transfer. While there isn't a direct way to transfer money between Venmo and Cash App, a linked bank account provides an efficient workaround.

«Oldest ‹Older   1 – 200 of 202   Newer› Newest»